Early Printer / Typografer

Nicolas Jenson (pic)
French printer/typographer, 
Printed 150 books, established a lasting reputation for his types and the money he made
like the work on Archetypal Roman Typeface 1475 (pic)

William Caxton (pic)
English printer/typographer
It was in Bruges, that Caxton printed the first book in English in 1475 (pic)

Anton Koberger and Albrecht Duerer: The Nuremberg Chronicle (pic)
Anton Koberger German successful publisher/printer, produced nuremberg Chronicle in 1493.
Albrecht Duerer painter/printmaker/typographer maded 1,809 woodcut illustrations (with many repeted uses)

The Nuremberg Chronicle was first published in Latin on 12 July 1493 in the city of Nuremberg. 
This was quickly followed by a German translation on 23 December 1493

Aldus Manutius and the Typnerotomachoa Poliphili (pic)
Italian printer/publisher Aldus Manutius 
Worked on the Romans, practiced of making the capitals shorter than the ascending letters of the lower case. 
ex. ‘Typnerotomachoa Poliphili’, printed in 1499
As the fifteenth century ended, printing was well established , but calligraphy was by no means a dying influence. As more people learned to read, more learned to write, the sixteenth century was the age of the great manuals for handwriting.

The Caroline Minuscule

After Charlemagne came to power in 768, he asked a revision of the books of the Church.
The result was the Caroline minuscule, a true small type with definite classic ancestry she was used as the same way as the lower case (capitals started the sentence)

Post-Caroline Hands:
by the 11th century the calligrapher managed in reducing round forms and then finally eliminating them, to acquire a completely different rhythm.
Roman Capitals have been described as having a breathing rhythm, the gothic lower case has the pattern of a picket fence
It was known in the 14th cent as black letter, that served as model for the type used in the Gutenberg 42-line Bible

The Renaissance of Roman Hand : ’scrittura umanistica’
15th Century the Renaissance had rekindled enthusiasm for classic culture and calligraphers sought
The humanistic script was a more compressed letter than its caroline predecessor but significantly rounder than the northern gothics